Did you ever think that how the street lights automatically turn ON in
the night and turn OFF automatically at morning? Is there any person who
comes to ON/OFF these lights? The following circuit that described
below which perform this job automatically. This circuit employed the
output from an uncomplicated light/dark activated circuit and oblige a
relay in its output which can be further attached to switch ON/OFF a
street light and electrical application in a household also.
Many of the people have a phobia of
darkness, so to assist them in such situation, we have explained a
simple circuit. It will automatically turn on street light in the way of
LEDs or bulb coupled with relay, it is well enough to see the object
nearby. This circuit is very much easy to work and also the battery
power consumed by the circuit is very low because of the very few
components used in the circuit.
The whole circuit is based on IC CA3140
which is basically an operational amplifier which can unite the voltage
PMOS transistors to the high voltage bipolar transistor on particular
chip. LDR (Light depending resistor) whose resistance is based upon the
quantity of the light declining on it along with a few more components.
Circuit Diagram of Automatic Street Light Controller Switch Circuit using Relays and LDR:
Components Used in this Circuit:
- IC
- CA3140 – 1
- Resistor
- R1 (100k) – 1
- R2 (560E) – 1
- R3 (1K) – 1
- R4, R5 (100K) – 2
- VR1 (100K) – 1
- C1 (10uF) – 1
- LDR – 1
- T1 (BC548) – 1
Components Description:
LDR: LDR is a device
whose sensitivity depends upon the intensity of light falling on it.
When the strength of the light falling on LDR increases the LDR
resistance decreases, while if the strength of the light falls on LDR is
decreased resistance increased. In the time of darkness or when there
is no light, the resistance of LDR is in the range of mega ohms, while
in the presence of light or in brightness in decrease by few hundred
ohms.
Testing of LDR- Before mounting any
component in the circuit it is a good practice to check whether a
component works properly or not so that you can avoid consumption of
time in troubleshooting. For testing LDR set the range of multimeter in
resistance measurement. After that put the lids on the legs of LDR ( as
LDR have no polarity so you can connect any lid with leg). Measure the
resistance of LDR in the light or brightness, resistance must be low.
Now cover LDR properly so that no light beam fall in it, again measure
the resistance it must be high. If you got the same result means that
LDR is good.
Resistor: It is a
passive component having two terminals that are used to manage the
current flow in the circuit. A current that flows via a resistor is
directly proportional to the voltage that appeared into the resistor.
Resistors are of two types -
i) Fixed Resistor – having a fixed value of resistance
ii) Variable Resistor – whose value of resistance can be changed for example if we have a resistor of 5K then the value of resistance will vary from 0 to 5 k.
ii) Variable Resistor – whose value of resistance can be changed for example if we have a resistor of 5K then the value of resistance will vary from 0 to 5 k.
Value of resistance can be calculated with the help of multimeter or with the color code that is visible on the resistor.
Capacitor: It is a
passive component with two terminals and used to store charges.
Capacitors are mad up of two conductors which are separated by the
dielectric medium flows in between. It works when potential difference
applied across the conductors polarize the dipole ions to store the
charge in the dielectric medium.
There are two types of capacitors -
i) Polarized – They have polarity means +
and- sign marked on it. It is mainly used to store the charges. Before
troubleshooting the circuit capacitors must be fully discharged as they
have charges store in it.
ii) Non-polarized – They don’t have a polarity and can be mounted in any of the way. They are generally used to remove the noises present during the conversion of AC into DC.
ii) Non-polarized – They don’t have a polarity and can be mounted in any of the way. They are generally used to remove the noises present during the conversion of AC into DC.
Relay: It provides
isolation between the controller and the device because as we know
devices may work on AC as well as on DC but they receive signals from
microcontroller which works on DC hence we require a relay to bridge the
gap. The relay is extremely useful when you need to control a large
amount of current or voltage with the small electrical signal.
Factors for Selecting an Appropriate Relay:
- The voltage and current required to strengthen the coil.
- The utmost voltage which we will acquire in the output.
- Amount of the armature.
- Amount of contacts for the armature.
- Number of electrical associates (N/O and N/C).
Automatic Street Light Controller – Circuit Simulation Video:
Working of Automatic Street Light Controller Switch Circuit:
The working of circuit is very much easy
to understand. In this circuit, we used IC CA3140 which is basically
an operational amplifier. Pins 2 and 3 of these IC are used to compare
the voltage and give us the output in return ie it works as a potential
divider in its inverting and non-inverting inputs (pins 2 and 3). In
this LDR and VR1 form one potential divider which is used to provide a
variable voltage at the inverting input (that is 2) and the second
potential divider is built around non-inverting input (pin 3) with the
help of R1 and R2 which will grant half of the supply voltage to non
inverting pin.
As we know property of LDR that during
the time of day resistance is low therefore voltage at the inverting
input ( IE pin 2) is higher than the voltage at the non-inverting input
(pin3) hence the output at the pin6 is low so the transistor goes into
the cutoff state which means LED or bulb will not glow.
But in dimness or in night we know that
resistance of LDR is high hence voltage at inverting input pin 2 of the
IC CA3140 decreases than the non inverting input pin 3 as a result
output pin 6 moves to high state which make transistor to conduct and
the LED or bulb associated to it start simmering.
We need to pay attention while
connecting relay with bulb. As different bulbs have different wattage,
so it must support the relay or else relay will not energize.
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some simple projects for Electrical&Electronics students